Nestlings’ physiology was quantified at baseline (= 13 days after hatching) and again after two nights of continued darkness (control) or exposure to ALAN (treatment). We examined the effect of ALAN on oxalate in free-living developing great tits (Parus major) as effects during early-life could have long-lasting and irreversible consequences. Sleep loss can potentially be quantified by using oxalate, a biomarker for sleep debt in adult. Physiological effects could occur through sleep disruption and deprivation, but this is difficult to quantify, especially in small developing birds. View full-textĪrtificial light at night (ALAN) is a widespread and increasing environmental pollutant with known negative impacts on animal physiology and development. Improved sanitation facilities and protection of surface water sources and produce from contamination by human feces are likely to contribute to typhoid control in Fiji.
Poor sanitation facilities appear to be a major source of Salmonella Typhi in Fiji, with transmission by drinking contaminated surface water and consuming unwashed produce. Frequent handwashing after defecating (OR = 0.57 95% CI 0.35–0.93) and using soap for handwashing (OR = 0.61 95% CI 0.37–0.95) were independently associated with a lower odds of typhoid fever. On multivariable analysis, interrupted water availability (odds ratio = 2.17 95% confidence interval 1.18–4.00), drinking surface water in the last 2 weeks (OR = 3.61 95% CI 1.44–9.06), eating unwashed produce (OR = 2.69 95% CI 1.48–4.91), and having an unimproved or damaged sanitation facility (OR = 4.30 95% CI 1.14–16.21) were significantly associated with typhoid fever. Of the cases, the median (range) age was 29 (2–67) years, 86 (49%) were male, and 84 (48%) lived in a rural area. We enrolled 175 patients with typhoid fever and 349 controls. Univariable and multivariable analysis were used to evaluate associations between exposures and risk for typhoid fever. two controls by age interval, gender, ethnicity, and residential area. We identified and surveyed patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through January 2017. We sought to identify the sources and modes of transmission of typhoid fever in Fiji with the aim to inform disease control. Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji, with high reported annual incidence.
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